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Understanding grammar is key to achieving fluency in any language, and our Persian Grammar Section is designed to make this process clear and approachable. Whether you’re a beginner or an advanced learner, this section provides comprehensive explanations and practical examples to help you grasp the rules and structures of Persian grammar.
We cover everything from basic sentence construction and verb conjugations to more complex topics like noun cases, gender agreements, and tenses. Each concept is broken down into easy-to-understand lessons, complete with interactive exercises and quizzes to reinforce your learning.
Our step-by-step approach ensures that you build a strong grammatical foundation, allowing you to speak, write, and understand Persian with confidence. As you progress through the lessons, you’ll gain the skills needed to express yourself accurately and effectively in any situation.
Persian Alphabet
Pronunciation
In Albanian, the writing and pronunciation correspond with each other.
Special characters
There are two special characters:
«ç» corresponds to 'tch' , e.g. 'match'
«ë» corresponds to a closed 'e' similar to 'oyster' or the sound in Oi (ɔɪ) (BE)
Sounds, consisting of two letters:
«dh» corresponds to 'th' (voiced), e.g. in 'they'
«gj» is to be pronounced at the same time (simultaneously) «g+j»
«g» like in 'garage'; «j» is pronounced like the «y» in 'year'
«ll» corresponds to «l» , e.g. English 'bill'
«nj» corresponds to the Spanisch letter «ñ» ('eh-nyeh'), e.g. in 'Señor'
«rr» is pronounced like a rolling «r» (at least) double tonguing
«sh» is similar to English «sh», it corresponds to 'sh' (unvoiced), e.g. 'shoe'
«th» corresponds to the English «th» (unvoiced), e.g. 'thunder'
«xh» is pronounced like a voiced «j» e.g. 'jeans'
«zh» corresponds to the sound «sh» (voiced), e.g. 'garage'
Stressing
In words ending on a vocal, the penultimate syllable is stressed
Words ending on a consonant, the last syllable is stressed
Grammar
SUBJECT PRONOUNS
The subject pronouns are:
Singular
I unë
you (informal) ti; you (informal) ju
he ai
she ajo
Plural
we ne
you (formal and informal) ju
they (masc.) ata
they (fem.) ato
In the singular, the second- person pronoun (you) is distinguished for formality. Ti is the informal form (equivalent to the French tu), while ju is the formal form (equivalent to the French vous). In the plural form only ju is used, and it can be either informal or formal (again, equivalent to the French vous).
There is no equivalent pronoun for the English ‘it’. All nouns will be either masculine or feminine, and the pronouns ai and ajo, respectively, can be used in place of the nouns. Remember, however, that pronouns are used mostly for emphasis. As a general rule, avoid the pronoun, since the verbal form clearly indicates the person.
Ato is used when referring to a group of women exclusively.
Ata can refer either to an exclusive group of men or to a mixed group of men and women.
Kush janë ata?
Who are they?
Ata janë Agroni dhe Sokoli. They are Agroni and Sokoli.
Ata janë Agroni dhe Teuta. They are Agroni and Teuta.
Kush janë ato?
Who are they?
Ato janë Bora dhe Albana.
They are Bora and Albana.
The third-person pronouns ai, ajo, ata, and ato can also be used as demonstrative adjectives or pronouns equivalent to English ‘that’ or ‘those’ (see §21). Thus, the following example is ambiguous:
Ata janë Agroni dhe Sokoli.
They are Agroni and Sokoli.
Those are Agroni and Sokoli.
The pronoun kush ‘who’ is typically used with the verb conjugated in the third-person singular (as in English; cf. “Who speaks Albanian?”). Lately, however, and most often with the verb ‘to be’, as in the examples below, it is used with the verb conjugated in the third- person plural if we know that the answer will be more than one person:
Kush është ajo? Ajo është Vesa. Who is she? She is Vesa.
Kush janë ato? Ato janë Vesa dhe Bora. Who are they? They are Vesa and Bora.
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